Emerging Research

Pinealon

Cognitive & Neurological · ['EDR', 'Glu-Asp-Arg', 'EDR tripeptide']

A synthetic tripeptide bioregulator (Glu-Asp-Arg) from the Khavinson peptide-bioregulation program, studied in cell-culture and rodent models for neuroprotection against hypoxia and oxidative stress and for proposed gene-regulatory activity.

🔬 Research use only — not for human or veterinary use. K4 Elite does not provide dosing instructions.

Molecular Formula

C15H26N6O8

Molecular Weight

418.40 g/mol

PubChem

CID 10273502 ↗

Research Level

Emerging Research

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Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide with the sequence Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR), developed within the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator program at the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Despite its name, it was reportedly identified from cortexin, a bovine brain-cortex polypeptide extract; the 'pineal' designation refers to proposed neuroendocrine effects rather than tissue of origin.

PubChem lists the tripeptide under CID 10273502 with molecular formula C15H26N6O8 and a molecular weight of about 418.4 g/mol. It belongs to a family of ultra-short peptides that the Khavinson group has proposed can interact with DNA and modulate gene expression.

All findings here are from preclinical cell-culture and rodent research. There are no human clinical trials establishing efficacy, and this entry is provided for research and reference use only.

The Khavinson group has proposed that short peptides such as EDR can interact with specific DNA sequence elements in gene-promoter regions, modulating transcription of genes including antioxidant enzymes (for example SOD2, GPX1), neurotrophic factors, and circadian regulators. In this model the positively charged arginine residue interacts with the anionic DNA backbone while the glutamate and aspartate residues provide sequence-specific contacts.

In cell-culture studies, Pinealon has been reported to protect neurons against hypoxia and oxidative stress, reduce apoptotic cell death, and influence melatonin-related and circadian pathways. These are experimental observations and remain mechanistic hypotheses rather than established human effects.

Neuroprotection against hypoxia/oxidative stress: Cell-culture studies reporting reduced neuronal death under hypoxic and oxidative conditions.
Anti-apoptotic effects: Reports of decreased apoptosis markers in neuronal cultures.
Proposed gene/DNA regulation: Studies exploring EDR interaction with promoter regions and antioxidant/neurotrophic gene expression.
Circadian and melatonin-related biology: Research into proposed effects on circadian regulators and neuroendocrine pathways.
Alzheimer's-related gene expression: Work examining EDR effects on gene expression relevant to Alzheimer's pathogenesis.

📋 How published studies were conducted — a research reference summarizing study designs from the literature. This is not usage, dosing, or administration guidance. K4 Elite does not provide dosing instructions; determining any research protocol is the sole responsibility of the qualified researcher.

EDR peptide and Alzheimer's-related gene expression (PMC7795577): A study examined EDR (Pinealon) as a possible modulator of gene expression and protein synthesis relevant to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in experimental systems. Reported for reference only.

Khavinson-group neuroprotection studies: Cell-culture work from the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology reported that Pinealon protected neurons against hypoxia and oxidative stress and reduced apoptosis. Described for information only.

Peptide-DNA interaction reports: Biophysical and cell studies from the same research program explored the proposed interaction of short peptides such as EDR with DNA promoter elements. These are preclinical observations; any concentrations used are experimental parameters, not recommendations.

Combinations examined in the research literature. Descriptive only — not a recommendation to combine compounds.

Other Khavinson short peptides (e.g., Epitalon)Compatible

Part of the same ultra-short peptide bioregulator family studied within overlapping research frameworks.

Antioxidant enzyme systems (SOD2/GPX1)Synergistic

Proposed to upregulate antioxidant gene expression, converging with antioxidant defense pathways in the research model.

Melatonin / circadian modulatorsNeutral

Proposed neuroendocrine and circadian effects may overlap with melatonin-pathway research tools.

Pro-oxidant / cytotoxic agentsCaution

Studied in opposition to oxidative and hypoxic stressors; a general caution noted for experimental design awareness.

References are being compiled for this entry.

What is Pinealon?

It is a synthetic tripeptide with the sequence Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR), part of the Khavinson short-peptide bioregulator program studied for neuroprotection in preclinical models.

Does Pinealon come from the pineal gland?

No. Despite the name, it was reportedly identified from a bovine brain-cortex extract (cortexin); the 'pineal' label refers to proposed neuroendocrine effects, not tissue of origin.

What is the proposed mechanism?

The Khavinson group proposes that EDR interacts with DNA promoter elements to modulate expression of antioxidant, neurotrophic, and circadian genes; it is also reported to protect neurons against hypoxia and oxidative stress in cell studies.

Is there human clinical evidence?

No controlled human efficacy trials are cited here. The available evidence is preclinical cell-culture and rodent research, and the proposed DNA-interaction mechanism remains a hypothesis.

Is Pinealon approved for use?

No. Pinealon is a research-use-only compound and is not FDA approved for any human indication. This entry is for reference only and is not medical advice or a usage recommendation.

Disclaimer: This profile summarizes published preclinical and laboratory research for reference only. It is not medical advice and makes no claim of safety or efficacy in humans. Determining any research protocol is the sole responsibility of the qualified researcher. Products are sold strictly for in-vitro research and have not been evaluated by the FDA.